• No results found

Further research work could be done to isolate and characterize the identified compounds for structural elucidation. Furthermore, these isolated active compounds with little or no scientific knowledge, present in A. difformis can be extensively investigated for their medicinal potentials.

Funding

This research received financial support from National Research Foundation, South Africa (NRF 105249), and Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT-RJ23 and CPUT-NRF RO22) granted to Professor OO Oguntibeju. The first author also received financial support from the National Research Foundation of South Africa (Grant Numbers: 107580).

Acknowledgements

We thank F. Rautenbach, M. Taylor and Prof. V. Jideani for their technical and statistical assistance.

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CHAPTER FOUR

4

Improved antioxidant status and hepato-protective role of

Anchomanes difformis in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in male

Wistar rats

Toyin D. Alabi1, Nicole L. Brooks2, Oluwafemi O. Oguntibeju*1

1Phytomedicine & Phytochemistry Group, Oxidative Stress Research Centre, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville 7535, South Africa.

2Department of Wellness Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa.

Journal submitted to: Journal of Ethnopharmacology

*Corresponding author: OO Oguntibeju, Email: [email protected], [email protected], Tel: +27219538495

Declarations of interest: none

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ABSTRACT

Ethnopharmacological relevance: The liver is an important organ involved in metabolism of xenobiotics and their metabolites and it is vulnerable to oxidative damage. Hyperglycaemia is highly implicated in the progression of diabetes mellitus, and adversely affects the liver.

Though conventional hypoglycaemic drugs may be effective in reducing blood glucose, they do not appear to be effective in attenuating the progression of diabetes and its complications.

Anchomanes difformis have been used traditionally to treat diabetes, pain and other related conditions.

Aim of the study: This study evaluated the ameliorative effects of Anchomanes difformis on hyperglycaemia and hepatic injuries in type 2 diabetes.

Materials and methods: Type 2 diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats with a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (40mg/kgBW) after two weeks of fructose (10%) administration. Aqueous extract of A. difformis (200 and 400mg/kgBW) and gilbenclamide (5mg/kgBW) were administered orally for six weeks. Blood glucose concentrations were measured. Serum levels of liver dysfunction markers (ALT, AST, and ALP), total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol were investigated. Total protein, albumin, and globulin were also assessed. Antioxidant parameters: ORAC, GSH, GSSG, SOD, CAT and FRAP were evaluated in the liver while ORAC, FRAP and lipid peroxidation was determined in the serum. Histological examination of the liver tissue was carried out.

Results: Treatment with aqueous extract of A. difformis significantly (p<0.05) reduced the blood glucose and reversed steatosis in the diabetic-treated rats. The antioxidant status of diabetic-treated rats was significantly (p<0.05) improved. Serum levels of liver dysfunction markers were significantly (p<0.05) reduced in diabetic-treated rats.

Conclusion: Anchomanes difformis ameliorated hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia, improved antioxidant status, and protected against hyperglycaemia-induced hepatopathy in a diabetic animal model.

Keywords: anchomanes difformis, antioxidants, diabetes, hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia, liver

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ABBREVIATIONS

T2D Type 2 diabetes

TP Total protein

ROS Reactive oxygen species SOD Superoxide dismutase

CAT Catalase

GSH Glutathione

GSSG Glutathione disulphide/oxidized glutathione ORAC Oxygen radical absorbing capacity

FRAP Ferric reducing antioxidant power AD Anchomanes difformis

STZ Streptozotocin

SRC Standard rat chow FBG Fasting blood glucose ALT Alanine transaminase ALP Alkaline phosphatase AST Aspartate transaminase TBA Thiobarbaturic acid

TBARS Thiobarbaturic acid reactive substances MDA Malondialdehyde

FAS Fatty acid synthetase HDL High-density lipoprotein LDL Low-density lipoprotein H&E Hematoxylin and eosin

84