Recommendations

36

37

Milkability traits are currently not included in the breeding objective of South African Holstein cattle. Inclusion of these traits in the breeding program can help to reduce milking time, which will result in reduced production costs and an increase in herd profitability.

Variance component estimates obtained in the current study provide the basis for including these traits in the breeding objective for South African Holstein cattle.

Before including milkability traits in the breeding objective, further information is needed, such as correlations of these traits to other economically important traits such as udder health, udder conformation and size and placement of teats.

38 REFERENCES

Antalik, P., and Strapak, P. (2010), The evaluation of milkability of Slovak Pinzgau cattle by lactocorders, Slovak Journal of Animal Science 43(4): 173 – 178.

Antalik, P., and Strapak, P. (2011), Effect of parity and lactation stage on milk flow characteristics of Slovak Simental dairy cows, Veterinary Medical Zoology 54(76): 8 13.

Aydin, R., Yanar, M., Guler, O., Yuksel, S., Ugur, F., and Turgut, L. (2008), Study on milkability traits in brown Swiss cows reared in eastern region of Turkey, Journal of Animal Veterinary Advances 7: 1218-1222.

Banga, C.B. (2009), The development of breeding objectives for Holstein and Jersey cattle in South Africa, PhD thesis, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.

Banga, C.B., Neser, F.W.C, and Garrick, D.J. (2014), Breeding objectives for Holstein cattle in South Africa, South African Journal of Animal Science 44: 199-214.

Bery, D.P., Coughlan, B., Enright, B., Coughlan, S., and Burket, M. (2013), Factors associated with milking characteristics in dairy cows, Journal of Dairy Science 96:

5943-5953.

Bobic, T., Mijic, P., Vučković, G., Gregic, M., Baban, M.,and Gantner V. (2014), Morphological and milkability breed differences of dairy cows, Mljekarstvo 64: 71-78.

Byskov, K., Buch, L.H. and Aamand, G.P. (2012), Possibilities of implementing measures from automatic milking systems in routine evaluations of udder conformation and milking speed, Interbull Bulletin 46, 28-32.

Carlstrom, C. (2014), Genetic variation of in-line recorded milkability traits and associations with udder conformation and health in Swedish dairy cattle, ISBN (electronic version) 978-91-576-7993-2, © 2014 Caroline Carlstrom, Uppsala.

Print: SLU Service/Repro, Uppsala 2014.

Carlstrom, C., Pettersson, G., Johansson, K., Stalhammar H., and Philipsson J., (2009), Phenotypic and genetic variation in milk flow for dairy cattle in automatic milking systems, EAAP, Barcelona 2009 – Session 11.

39

Carlstrom, C., Pettersson, G., Johansson, K., Strandberg, E., Stalhammar, H. and Philipsson, J. (2013), Feasibility of using automatic milking system data from commercial herds for genetic analysis of milkability, Journal of Dairy Science 96:

5324-5332.

Cho, Y.M., Prk, B.A., and Ahn, B.S. (2004), A study on estimation of factors affecting Duration of milk flow rate and their relationship with milk yields of dairy cattle, Journal of Animal Science and Technology 46(4): 517-524.

DAFF, (2012), A profile of the South African dairy market value chain, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, South Africa.

Dodenhoff, J., and Emmerling R. (2008), Genetic correlations between somatic cell count in the first three lactations in Fleckvieh, Interbull bulletin 38: 55-60.

Dube, B., Dzama, K., and Banga, C.B. (2008), Genetic analysis of somatic cell score and udder type traits in South African Holstein cows, South African Journal of Animal Science 38: 1-11.

Edwards, J.P., Jago, J.G., and Lopez-Villalobost, N. (2014), Analysis of milking characteristics in New Zealand dairy cows, Journal of Dairy Science 97(1): 259 269.

El-Awady, H.G and Oudah, E.Z.M, (2011), Genetic and economic analysis for the relationship between udder health and milk production traits in Friesian cows, Journal of Animal Science 24(11): 1514-1524.

Erdem, H., Atasever, S., and Kul, E. (2010), Relationship of milkability traits to udder characteristics, milk yield and somatic cell count in jersey cows, Journal of Applied Animal Research 37: 43-47.

Gade, S., Stamer, E., Bennewitz, J., Junge, W., and Kalm, E. (2007). Genetic parameters for serial, automatically recorded milkability and its relationship to udder health in dairy cattle, Animal 1: 787-796.

Gade, S., Stamer, E., Junge, W., and Kalm, E. (2006). Estimates of genetic parameters for milkability from automatic milking, Livestock Science 104, 135-146.

40

Gilmour, A.R., Gogel, B.J., Cullis, B.R., Welham, S.J. & Thompson, R. (2006), ASReml User Guide Release 2.0 VSN International Ltd, Hemel Hempstead, HP1 1ES, United Kingdom.

Gray, K.A., Maltecca, C., Bagnato, A., Dolezal, M., RossonI, A., Samore, A.B., and Cassady,J.P. (2012), Estimates of marker effects for measures of milk flow in the Italian brown Swiss dairy cattle population, BMC Veterinary Research 2(8): 199-211.

http://www.biomedcentral.com/1746-6148/8/199 (24/02/2015)

Guler, O., Yanar, R., Bayram, B., Dogru, U., and Kopuzlu, S. (2009), Genetic and environmental parameters of milkability traits in Holstein Friesian cows, Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 8(1): 143-147.

Haghkhah, M., Ahmadi, M.R., Gheisari, H.R., and Kadivar, A. (2011), Preliminary bacterial study on subclinical mastitis and teat condition in dairy herds around Shiraz, Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science 35(6): 387-394.

Henderson, C. R. (1984), Applications of linear models in animal breeding, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada.

Heringstad, B., and Kjoren Bughten, H, (2014), Genetic evaluations based on data from Automatic milking system, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Norway, Paper ICAR 2014.

Horn, P. (2004), Selection possibilities aiming the improvement the milking ability in Hungarian Simental breeding sticks, University of Kaposvar, Hungarian.

Japertiene R, Juozaitiene V, Kriauziene J, Rudejeviene J, Japertas S. (2007), The interrelationships between milkability traits and subclinical mastitis in cows, Polish Journal of Veterinary Science 10(4): 255-61.

Jones, G.M. (2009), The role of milking equipment in mastitis, Virginia cooperative Extension, Publication 404-742. www.ext.vt.edu (19/02/2015)

Kgole, M.L., Visser, C., and Banga, C.B. (2012), Environmental factors influencing milk urea nitrogen in South African Holstein cattle, South African Journal of Animal Science 2(5), (Supplement 1), Peer-reviewed paper: Proc. 44^th Congress of the South African Society for Animal Science.

41

Kgole, M.M. (2013), Factors affecting milk Urea nitrogen and its relationship with production traits in South African Holstein cattle, MSc Dissertation, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science University of Pretoria, South Africa.

Laureano, M. M. M., Bignardi A. B., El Faro L., Cardoso V. L., and Albuquerque L. G., (2012), Genetic parameters for first lactation test-day milk flow in Holstein cows, Animal 6: 31-35.

Laureano, M.M.M., Bignardi, A.B., El Faro, L., Cardoso, V.L. Tonhati, H., and Albuquerque, L.G., (2014), Random regression models using different functions to model milk flow in dairy cows, Genetics and Molecular Research 13(3): 7528-7541 www.funpecrp.com.br (19/02/2015)

Lee, D.H., and Choudhary, V. (2006), Study on milkability traits in Holstein cows, Asian Australian Journal of Animal Science 19(3): 309-314.

Lovendahl P., and. Chagunda M. G. G. (2011), Covariance among milking frequency, milk yield, and milk composition from automatically milked cows, Journal of Dairy Science 94: 5381- 5392.

Lulic, M., Pornic, I., Speha, M., Barac, Z. (2013), Estimation of genetic parameters for milking speed for holstein cattle in Croatia, 24th International Scientific-Expert Conference of Agriculture and Food Industry, At Sarajevo, BIH.

Luttinen, A., and Juga, J. (1997), Genetic relationship between milk yield, somatic cell count, mastitis, milkability and leakage in Finnish dairy cattle, Uppsala, Sweden, Interbull Bulletin 15: 78–83.

M’hamdi, N., Bouallegue, M., Frouja, S., Ressaissi, Y., Brar, S.K., and Hamouda, M.B., (2012), Effects of Environmental Factors on Milk Yield, Lactation Length and Dry Period in Tunisian Holstein Cows, INTECH Open Access Publisher.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/50803 (24/02/2015).

Mijic, P., Knezevic, I., Matkovic, M., Baban, M., and Ivkic, Z. (2007), The milkability and somatic cell counts of milk cows in various systems of keeping and milking, Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry 23(5-6): 209 - 216.

Mostert, B. E., Banga, C. B., Groeneveld, E., Kanfer, F. H. J. (2004), Breeding value estimation for somatic cell score in South African dairy cattle, South African Journal of Animal Science 34(Supplement 2): 32 – 34.

42

Mostert, B.E. (2007), The suitability of test day models for genetic evaluation models for genetic evaluation of dairy cattle in South Africa, PhD Dissertation, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science University of Pretoria, South Africa.

MPO Statistics, 2015, Lactodata. Vol. 14. No. 2, Statistic. Milk Producers’ Organisation, Pretoria, South Africa.

Muller, A.B., Rose-Meierhofer, S., Ammon, C., Brunsch, R. (2011), Comparison of the effects of quarter-individual and conventional milking systems on milkability traits, Archiv Tierzucht 54 (2011) 4: 360-373.

National Animal Recording and Improvement Scheme, (2011), Annual report (statistics) Vol.

31 Agricultural Research Council: Animal Production Institute, Pretoria.

Naumann, I., and Fahr, R. D. (2000), Investigation of milk flow from udder quarters, Archiv für Tierzucht 43 (5): 431-440.

Povinelli, M., Romani, C., Degano L., Cassandro, M., Dal Zotto, R., and Bittante, G. (2003), Sources of variation and heritability estimates for milking speed in Italian Brown cows, Italian Journal of Animal Science2 (supplement 1): 70-72.

Querengasser, J., Geishauser, T., Querengasser,K., Bruckmaier, R., and Fehlings, K., (2002), Investigations on Milk Flow and Milk Yield from Teats with Milk Flow Disorders, Journal of Dairy Science 85: 810–817.

Ramatsoma, N.I., Banga, C.B., MacNeil, M.D., and Maiwashe, A. (2014), Evaluation of genetic trends for traits of economic importance in South African Holstein cattle, South African Journal of Animal Science 44 (1): 85-89

Rupp, R and BoichardD, (2003), Genetics of resistance to mastitis in dairy cattle, Veterinary Research 34: 671–688.

Rupp, R. and Boichard, D. (1999), Genetic parameters for clinical mastitis, somatic cell score, production, udder type traits and milking ease in first lactation Holsteins, Journal of Dairy Science 82: 2198–2204.

S.A Yearbook. 2009/10, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, South Africa.

S.A Yearbook. 2013/14, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, South Africa

43

Salamon D, Matokovic I, Batinic V, Dzidic A., (2011), The Effect of Prestimulation on Milking Characteristics in Simmental, Holstein- Friesian and Brown Swiss Cow Breed, Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus76(4): 317–320

Samore, A. B., Román-Ponce, V., Vacirca, F., Frigo, E., Canavesi, F., Bagnato, A., and Maltecca, C. (2011), Bimodality and the genetics of milk flow traits in the Italian Holstein-Friesian breed, Journal of Dairy Science 94: 4081–4089.

http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3611. (14/02/2015)

Sandrucci, A., Bava, L., Tamburini, A., and Zanini, L. (2005), Milking procedures, milk flow curves and somatic cell count in dairy cows. Italian Journal of Animal Science 4 (supplement 2), 215-217.

Sandrucci, A., Tamburini, A., Bava, L., and Zucali, M. (2007), Factors affecting milk flow traits in dairy cows: results of a field study, Journal of Dairy Science 90: 1159 1167.

SAS Institute Incorporation, (2012), Base SAS® 9.4 Procedures Guide: Statistical Procedures, Second Edition, Cary, NC: SAS Institute Incorporation

Scholtz, M.M., and Grobler, S.M. (2009), A system approach to the South African dairy industry, South African Journal of Animal Science 39 (Supplement 1), pages please Peer- Reviewed paper: 10^th World Conference on Animal Production.

Sitkowska, B, Piwcyzynski, D, Aerts, J., and Waskowicz, M. (2015), Changes in milking parameters with Robotic Milking, Archives Animal Breed 58: 137-143.

Sprengel, D., Dodenhoff, J., Götz, K.-U.,Duda, J., and Dempfle, L. (2001), International genetic evaluation for milkability, Interbull Bulletin 27: 35-40.

Strapak, P., Antalík, P., and Szencziova, I. (2011), Milkability evaluation of Holstein dairy cows by Lactocorder, Journal of Agrobiology 28(2): 139-146.

http://versita.com/science/agriculture/joa (19/02/2015)

Tamburi, A., Sandrucci, A., Nicoleti, C., and Zannin, L. (2007), Milking procedures and milk injection in Italian Brown cows, Italian Journal of Animal Science 6(1): 478 -480.

Tancin, V., Ipema, B., Hogewerf, P., and Macuhova, J. (2006), Sources of variation in milk flow characteristics at udder and quarter levels, Journal of Dairy Science 89: 978- 988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022- 0302(06)72163-4. (11/01/2016)

44

Vicario, D., Degano, L., and Carnie,r P. (2006), Genetic evaluation for milkability using subjective and measured observations in Italian dual purpose Simmental cows, Bulletin 35, Proceedings of the Interbull Meeting, Kuopio, Finland.

Vosman, J.J., de Jong, G., and Eding, H. (2014), Breeding of Cows Suitable for an Automatic Milking System, Interbull Bulletin 48: 32-36.

Wiggans, G. R., Thornton, L.L.M., Neitzel, R.R., and Gengler, N. (2007), Short communication: Genetic evaluation of milking speed for Brown Swiss dairy cattle in the United States, Journal of Dairy Science 90: 1021-1023.

Zucali, M., Bava, L, Sandrucci A., Tamburini A., Piccinini R., Valentina Dapra V., Tonni M., and Zecconi A. (2009), Milk flow pattern, somatic cell count and teat apex score in primiparous dairy cows at the beginning of lactation, Italian Journal of animal Science 8: 103-111.

Zwald, N. R., Weigel, K.A., Chang, Y.M., Welper, R.D., and Clay, J.S. (2005), Genetic evaluation of dairy sires for milking duration using electronically recorded milking times of their daughters, Journal of dairy science 88: 1192–1198.

45 APPENDIX 1. Informed consent form

Informed Consent Form

Genetic Parameter Estimates for Milkability Traits in South African Dairy Cattle.

Tshilate Thendo Stanley

University of Venda, Department of Animal Science Private bag X5050

Thohoyandou 0950

073-663 9199 Date: _________________

[email protected], [email protected] Dear Sir/ Madam,

I hereby kindly request you to allow me as a student of University of Venda to come and collect data at your farm for my masters’ research study. The results of the conducted study will benefit you by increasing the accuracy of selection and simultaneous improvement of both milkability and udder health and other dairy farmers particularly those utilising Holstein breed. In condition the end user of dairy products will also benefit from the study by consuming milk of high quality (low somatic cell count milk).

The purpose of this study is to estimate genetic parameters of milkability traits and correlations between milkability traits and udder health in the South African Dairy cattle.

The study procedure is as follows:

Milkability data (average milk flow rate, maximum milk flow and milking time) will be recorded at the milking parlour in the morning and afternoon using the automated milking herd management system. Somatic cell count and pedigree data will be obtained from the Integrated Registration and Genetic Information System (INTERGIS) for cows participating in the National Milk Recording and Improvement Scheme (NMRIS). These data will include relevant cow performance records, such as herd, birth date, calving date, lactation number and test date.

I therefore request the following data from your herd: parity, age in months, days in milk (DIM), milk yield, milk duration or time, average milk flow and maximum milk flow or Peak flow.

Kind regards

In document Genetic Parameter Estimates for Milkability Traits in South (Page 48-58)