To the Road Traffic Control Team and the National Traffic Police and Accident Investigation Department for making the data available and participating in the investigation. BAC Blood alcohol concentration DoT Ministry of Transport GDP Gross Domestic Product GNP Gross National Product HBM Health Belief Model MVCs Motor Vehicle Accidents NRTA National Road Traffic Act.
INTRODUCTION
Gaining a better understanding of the reasons why youth are overrepresented in the South African context will help policy makers and intervention agencies to improve their programs aimed at reducing road deaths among this age group. Therefore, to understand the burden of road deaths among youth, it is essential to obtain a clear epidemiology of the risk factors associated with fatal road accidents and the contributing factors to the causation of an accident.
RESEARCH PROBLEM
The study will make possible recommendations, based on the findings of the respondents, regarding strategies that can be implemented to address the problem under investigation. Not only did the current study focus on the factors that contribute to road traffic fatalities among this select age group by determining which human factors contribute to road traffic fatalities among young people aged 20 to 35 years, but the research was also extended to the study of strategies. that can be implemented to address the problem of road deaths among young people.
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND QUESTIONS
Primary research objective and question
Secondary research objectives and questions
Recommend possible strategies to reduce deaths among young people aged 20 to 35 years.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
Additionally, once the questionnaire was finalized, experts in the field of study conducted a small pilot study to validate the questionnaire. Participant bias: Due to the anonymity of the questionnaire, there was no room for influence from other respondents or fear of others knowing the respondents' answers.
DELIMITATIONS AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
Delimitations
Limitations
Layout of the study
CONTRIBUTION OF THE STUDY
Fourth, in terms of the effects on countries, road deaths also lead to economic losses due to skills drain. This assertion that road deaths will become the top five leading causes of death has not changed over the period following the initial study.
CONCLUSION
Firstly, the physical effect referred to can be death or injury, as almost 60% of traffic deaths globally are in the 15-44 age group, and traffic accidents are a leading cause of death for young people aged 15-29. Azazh, Enquselassie and Yisma (2015:2). In addition, the 2009 WHO Global Status Report on Road Safety (2009:9) indicated that road traffic accidents will become the fifth leading cause of death by 2030, compared to being the ninth leading cause of death in 2004.
INTRODUCTION
ROAD SAFETY THEORIES
- Probabilistic theories
- Causal theories
- Systemic theories
- Behavioural theories
- Application of the selected model for the purpose of the research study
The use of the Haddon Matrix for the current study is to examine road fatalities from a South African perspective. The analysis of the contributing factors is classified per human, vehicle and road factors based on the Haddon Matrix.
IDENTIFICATION OF HUMAN FACTORS
- Experience
- Excitement
- Risk exposure
- Identification of human factors
- Who is impacted by road crashes?
- Generational theory
The researcher in the current study seeks to identify the human factors that contribute to road fatalities to help capture such human factors for the purpose of the study. In summary, and considering the results of the analysis, the researcher found it necessary to focus on the human factors that contribute to road fatalities among young people between 20 and 35 years of age in this study.
ROAD SAFETY STRATEGIES
2004:5) emphasized that the application of the Haddon Matrix also offers opportunities for interventions to reduce road accident injuries. It further provides an understanding of the human factors that contribute to deaths, and finally, the strategies.
CONCLUSION
Therefore, what this discussion aims to highlight is to emphasize that the countermeasures identified in isolation will not bring about a tangible and sustainable reduction in deaths and serious injuries and that a multidisciplinary approach should be adopted. These are informed by the above research and are not only instrumental in pointing out that this is a social issue, but that the economic impact of such victims, particularly within this age group, requires interventions that will ensure drastic reductions in rates through a understanding the problem and identifying appropriate solutions to the problem.
INTRODUCTION
The researcher used a structured questionnaire to collect the perception of traffic officers and accident investigators on what they consider to be the human factors that lead to road deaths among youth and possible strategies to address the problem.
RESEARCH PROCESS
Therefore, in an attempt to answer the research questions, the foundation established in Chapter 2 was tested in a South African context using a quantitative research design. The elements of the research process applied to the present study are summarized in Table 3.2 and discussed in detail below.
RESEARCH PHILOSOPHY
Positivism, as described by Ponterotto, is based on the reasoning that leads to the control and prediction of phenomena. According to Ponterotto, dissatisfaction with the positivism approach led to the development of post-positivism.
RESEARCH APPROACH
The researcher sought to determine whether human factors contribute to youth fatalities by exploring the perceptions of traffic police officers and crash investigators. A review of the literature found that human factors contribute much more to fatalities than vehicle and environmental factors.
RESEARCH STRATEGY
In the current study, the perceptions of accident investigators and accident investigators were measured through quantitative research, albeit following a descriptive research design. The aim was to capture the perceptions of traffic officers (National Traffic Police) and accident investigators on what they consider to be the human factors that contribute to road deaths among youth.
POPULATION
Sampling method
With non-probability sampling designs, however, the elements of the population have no probability attached to their being selected as subjects (Sekaran & . Bougie namely convenience, judgment and quota sampling. Non-probability sampling typically consists of people who are either known to the investigators and/ or which are easily accessible to the investigators (Özdemir, Louis & . Topbaş, 2011:263).
Sample size
Furthermore, convenience sampling was easy and cost-effective, and as the researcher did not have the financial funding to interview traffic officers in other provinces, the sample was limited to Gauteng.
DATA COLLECTION
Structure of questionnaire
The questionnaire consisted of three parts: demographic data, identification of the human factors and the strategies to address the problem under investigation.
Question format
Respondents had to rate their answer choice on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree" in order to assign a rating to these statements according to their perception. Respondents had to rate their choice of answer on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree".
TIME HORIZON
DATA COLLECTION
- Step 1: Request for participation
- Step 2: Completing the questionnaire
- Step 3: Reminder to complete
- Step 4: Finalisation
A written consent letter was signed by all respondents who participated in the study. A customized message was developed to communicate to respondents as a reminder and communicate the deadline.
DATA ANALYSIS
Research question 1
Frequencies Counting the number of times a human factor is found in the data set. The number of times each variable appears in the data set was calculated and the percentage was calculated using % = (f (frequency) / n (total number of items in the data)) × 100.
Research question 2
The data was analyzed to determine the most prominent human factors contributing to the high number of deaths among young people. International Business Machines (IBM) Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 27 was used to analyze the data.
Research question 3
The Kendall's Tau correlation, as described by Kossowski, is a non-parametric (distribution-free) rank statistic proposed as a measure of the strength of the association between two variables, as shown in Table 3.14. Correlation Describes the nature of a relationship between two variables, such as strong, negative positive, weak, or statistically significant.
VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY
Validity
Part B of the questionnaire was used to request the respondents to identify which human factors they believed contributed to deaths among the youth. Part C of the questionnaire provided statements regarding strategies that could be implemented in the areas of Traffic Regulation, Enforcement and Education.
Reliability
RESEARCH LIMITATIONS
There was a likelihood of a low response rate among traffic officers due to their different deployments in shifts. As traffic officers spend most of their time on the road, it would have been difficult to administer the questionnaire electronically.
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Consequently, the researcher selected a hard copy questionnaire and personally visited the respondents to request them to participate in the research.
CONCLUSION
Data collection and analysis was based on the use of quantitative data statistical tools. The next chapter presents the data analysis and concludes with a discussion of the study's findings.
INTRODUCTION
PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS
Years of experience
The lowest percentage of years of experience, on the other hand, was for the category 4-7 years with 7.4% (n=8). The majority (66.7%) of the respondents therefore had between 8 and 10 years of experience, which means that they have extensive experience within the field.
Age distribution
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
- Human factors
- Traffic regulations
- Enforcement
- Education
Similarly, the mean score of 'driver's license suspension for repeat offenders' also showed that the mean response to this factor fell between 'agree' and. The analysis presented in table 4.13 above shows that 'regular educational campaigns' and 'road safety education as part of the school curriculum' have a moderate level.
RELIABILITY
This section has provided an overview of the analysis regarding the human factors that contribute to death, as well as the correlation between human factors and strategies. The following sections will discuss the reliability and validity of the results, followed by the conclusion of the chapter.
VALIDITY
Five traffic police officers were then requested to complete the questionnaire, and they were later excluded after the questionnaire was submitted for data collection purposes. The traffic police officers were able to complete the questionnaire and did not question the questions or the ability to complete the questionnaire.
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
In addition, after the questionnaire was completed, a specialist review was carried out to validate the questionnaire. In addition, a small pilot was conducted to complete the questionnaire to determine ease of use.
OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY
The target population of the quantitative research study was traffic officers and accident investigators working for the RTMC in SA. Finally, the various strategies adopted by different countries or authors in dealing with road fatalities were identified in order to derive the essential key strategies for the intended study, which concluded that strategies and programs to improve road safety must include in particular the following measures: reducing exposure to the risk of accidents, preventing accidents, reducing injuries resulting from accidents, and reducing the consequences of accidents by improving post-accident medical care.
ACHIEVEMENT OF THE RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
Objective 1
The researcher identified the human factors that contribute to road fatalities from an analysis of articles that covered studies related to the identification of factors that contribute to road accidents as covered in Table 2.4. While many human factors have been identified in the literature, the researcher found that most studies found that speeding, drunk driving, and distracted driving were the human factors that caused traffic accidents.
Objective 2
Therefore, it is likely that overtaking and not wearing a seat belt are mistakes made by the youth, thus resulting in a fatal accident. The current study did not consider the correlation between overtaking and disregarding traffic signs.
Objective 3
In considering the strategies, the researcher focused on the three categories, as shown in Table 5.4. Regular educational campaigns and road safety education as part of the school curriculum have a moderate positive correlation (0.468).
CONTRIBUTION OF THE STUDY
Considering the literature, the summary is that the emphasis must be on training to ensure that there are competent drivers on the road. The level of knowledge of car drivers has been raised as one of the most important aspects of improving road safety.
LIMITATIONS OF RESEARCH
However, efforts have been made to ensure that the characteristics of the sample correspond to the target population. In future research it may be necessary to collect the opinion of the target group itself.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
Due to the outbreak of the coronavirus (Covid-19) around the world, and the resulting lockdowns, the collection of data took longer and some of the traffic officers could not complete the forms due to illness. However, the use of the questionnaire provided a high level of representativeness for this specific target group because they worked on the road and were not often in the office.
CONCLUSION
Epidemiological survey on road accidents in Iran: application of two logistic regression models. An assessment of human factors as determinants of road accidents among commercial vehicle drivers in Gbonyin Local Government Area of Ekiti State, Nigeria.
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