Although this is not a concept specific to migration issues, it is a relevant framework in this study given the fact that migrants often experience "the involuntary exclusion from society's political, economic and social processes, which prevents their full participation in society" ( Atkinson, 2010: 1). There has been debate about which type of support is most important, whether it is the source, the quality or the quantity of the social support (Craig, 2006:33). Agricultural workers came under the protection of the Basic Conditions of Employment Act, 1993. The Agricultural Labor Act 1993 (No. 147 of 1993) recognized the right of agricultural workers to organize.
According to McDonald, a sample consists of elements of the population considered for actual inclusion in the study. The purpose of the research was to explore oral narratives of selected female migrants in South Africa in the case of Thohoyandou.
Integration Challenges 72
There is growing resentment among the host population that migrants are taking employment opportunities away from local people, a feeling that may also have worsened in the wake of the global crisis. Consequently, the general public feels scared and threatened by migrants and there is a tendency for them to be more resistant to interaction and integration in general. Language and cultural differences are a big issue we try to learn the local languages but sometimes it is not easy because there are many languages here so every time you go to another country there is a new language and people expect you to learn quickly once they reach the country.
There are people who will discriminate you and not want to be friends because you don't speak their language, they will tell you that they can't speak English and if you can't speak their language there is no way to communicate not.”2. According to Beauchemin, there is little doubt that immigrants contribute to South Africa's economic vitality in many ways, including filling the labor market with much-needed skilled and motivated workers, who are often willing to take the country's least attractive jobs. However, Beck, 2000 determined that there is also little doubt that many South Africans see their arrival as a serious problem rather than an opportunity.
There are no easy solutions to South Africa's immigration challenges, but the key to a more efficient, beneficial and humane approach to immigration lies in the pragmatic recognition that international. Only in this way can South Africa make the most of immigration: harnessing its economic potential while remaining true to its post-apartheid goal of African solidarity and integration with the rest of the continent.
Assimilation 74
Asylum applications must be assessed promptly to avoid abuse of the asylum system by economic migrants as a way to stay in the country. But the current approach of rejecting almost all applications after a cursory and flawed review undermines South Africa's hard-fought image as a democratic country that cares about international law and human rights (Gordon, 2011:71). Acharya stated that, in general, the cause of the problem is discrimination and negative attitudes of the general public towards foreign nationals, which are perceived as the most important obstacles to assimilation.
In the case of economic assimilation, foreign nationals are often perceived as having insufficient education, sometimes face problems in having their qualifications recognized and may have limited knowledge of the main language, limiting their access to the labor market and employment. In practice, this is only available to that part of the population in employment and whose employer offers such a scheme as part of an overall employment package. Solomon, when migrants enter South Africa illegally, there would be no information about their health status.
This will then put a strain on health facilities in South Africa in the sense that some diseases are airborne and contagious and as they spread to many South Africans, the number of people who will then seek medical attention will increase as many immigrants from 'conflicts - devastated areas'. Therefore, the more people come into contact with the pandemic disease, the greater the demand for antiretroviral treatment, which puts a strain on the health sector in South Africa.
Income Patterns 77
Most of the time, when you come to South Africa, the language will be newt, the local language, so communication will be difficult when you work. So we all decided to move to South Africa where all of us could be involved in some kind of work and fight poverty. Hence to say that people from Zimbabwe migrate to South Africa because they are attracted by the higher hourly wages rather than the opportunity to find work in general.
Out of the country's 12 million people, only 480,000 have formal jobs, therefore its nationals tend to migrate to South Africa for economic purposes such as job search and greener pastures. For example, in South Africa, many people employed in the mining industry and seasonal agricultural workers are migrants from neighboring countries such as Zambia, Mozambique and Zimbabwe. These migrants are drawn to settle in South Africa because of the demand for labor as many South African citizens refuse to take these low-skilled and low-paying jobs, but foreign migrants will be more than willing to take these jobs as they do not want such opportunities in their countries (Vigneswaran, 2007:49).
Most migrants indicated that it is easier to find a job in South Africa even if you are not educated; there were many job opportunities in the informal sector unlike in Zimbabwe. Most respondents indicated that they came to South Africa because there was high unemployment in Zimbabwe and they could hardly find work in the informal sector and it is better to come to South Africa where you can find such opportunities.
Expectations 83
Similarly, this study found that migrants expected to get better living conditions due to available jobs. In Thohoyandou, domestic workers are recruited through word of mouth, family connections or through relatives and friends. Those who hire domestic helpers through these companies must pay the equivalent of one month's salary to the latter.
The only advantage that domestic workers employed through companies have over those employed through word of mouth is that they are the first to receive regular wage payments. There are several cases of exploitation and abuse of domestic workers recruited through friends and families. Most of the participants, i.e. 8 out of 10 participants receive wages that are far below the poverty line.
According to Mafukata (2015:1), most of the jobs that migrants take in the local communities are manual labor that the local subjects are reluctant to participate in and jobs that they despise. In conclusion, this study found that migrant women are subjected to cheap labor and struggle to make ends meet as the wages they receive are not sufficient to provide basic commodities and welfare.
Xenophobia 89
Hicks (2011:26) went on to call South Africa "a harsh climate of xenophobia.. a holdover from the apartheid era" while Valji (2003:23) calls the country "the sordid history of the beginnings of fascism". From these postulations, it is evident that the issues of xenophobia in South Africa are deep and challenging for immediate solutions before something explodes. Despite concerns from some literature such as Hicks (2011:19) who was of the opinion that the causes of xenophobia in South Africa are and remain largely illusory, some of the reviewed literature shows desperation to find the causes and offer solutions to Xenophobia in South Africa.
However, it is worth noting the fact that this study was only conducted in Thohoyandou, so some of the above points do not apply to immigrant women around Thohoyandou, but literature from other areas in South Africa should be included to outline the different contexts that xenophobia exists in various South African communities. 89 different causes depending on the area, but especially it exists and is a big problem in South Africa. The International Labor Office (ILO) (1998) does not deny that illegal immigrants can affect the employment sector in South Africa; the problem is that illegal immigrants are not documented.
It therefore becomes difficult to determine how they contribute to South Africa's unemployment due to their clandestine nature. South Africa is said to be getting "docile" cheap labour, especially in labour-intensive sectors such as agriculture and mining, which account for up to 15% of South Africa's GDP (ILO: 1998).
Consequences of Female Migration 92
Social and Economic Consequences 92
While there may be a strong relationship between migration, poverty and its alleviation, poverty itself may not be the driver of migration (Solomon, 2000:74). Recognition of this has led to much debate about the relationship between migration and development, particularly whether development can reduce the pressures that drive migration or can actually stimulate more migration by giving people the resources to move. Some of these debates have been reflected in the policy field, where there has long been a concern to address the 'root causes' of migration.
In addressing the factors used to drive migration, especially violent conflict, differences in living standards and poverty in the countries where migrants come from, promoting development, alleviating poverty and reducing conflict in the countries of origin, therefore, the means to achieve these goals. If the child is in the village, there should be financial support to help the parents. Such workers are able to support their families and their migration is considered to have a positive impact on their family in the country of origin.
Conclusion 93
This chapter draws conclusions based on the research findings and literature review on oral narratives of selected female migrants in South Africa: the case of Thohoyandou. The research was intended to explore oral narratives of selected female migrants in South Africa. It outlined the historical overview of migration, the reasons for migration and the impact of migration in South Africa.
Accurate data should be available, so a survey is needed on migration and the number of foreigners living in South Africa. Most respondents indicated that there were better job opportunities in the informal sector in South Africa than in Zimbabwe. The state of the labor market in South Africa after the first decade of democracy.
The plight of undocumented migrants in South Africa: a case study of Zimbabweans in Soshanguve extensions 4 and 5. Preliminary meeting with the Zimbabwean diaspora in South Africa in preparation for the diaspora engagement workshop. Quality of education and the racial gap in labor market outcomes in South Africa mimeo.
This study aims to explore oral narratives of selected female migrants in South Africa: The case of Thohoyandou, Limpopo Province.
