the effects of school feeding programmes in addressing food

This study focused on the effects of school feeding programs in addressing food insecurity in Mutale Municipality, Vhembe District, Limpopo Province. A major problem identified in this study was the inadequacy of government interventions, particularly the social assistance component, to address food insecurity in rural areas. This failure motivated the researcher to undertake research on the school feeding program and its impact as a social intervention in addressing food insecurity among rural citizens.

The study openly outlined several factors contributing to the relentless chronic food insecurity that has plagued many rural families. The qualitative approach was used to gain an in-depth understanding of the contribution of school nutrition programs as a rights-based in-kind social safety net implemented by the government to address the discourse of food insecurity in a rural setting. The program achieved minimal results as it faced implementation constraints that negated its ability to eradicate food insecurity in rural areas.

MFII Multidimensional Food Insecurity Index NAMC National Agricultural Marketing Council NEPAD New Partnership for Africa's Development NFSC Nepal Food Security Cluster.

Introduction
Problem statement
Research objectives
Research questions
Delimitation of the study
Definition of terms
Summary
Research framework

In this regard, school feeding programs have emerged as a general social safety net response to the crisis of food insecurity which is a sufficient condition for the realization of the right to food especially in poor countries. Combating food insecurity has been and will be a theme undertaken by government and non-governmental organizations. Combating food insecurity has been and will be a theme tackled by government and non-governmental organizations.

In this regard, the study contributed to the development of the dialogue on food security in South Africa by examining the relationship between rural food insecurity and school feeding programmes. Understanding the shortcomings and achievements of school feeding programs in addressing nutrition challenges helped to find measures that could be implemented in the nutrition scheme to mitigate food insecurity. The study aimed to investigate the role of the school feeding program as a social safety net in addressing food insecurity in the rural areas of Mutale Municipality.

The study was limited to the effects of the school feeding program in addressing food insecurity in the rural areas of Mutale Municipality in Vhembe District, Limpopo.

Introduction
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Capability Approach
Entitlement Approach

THE RIGHT TO FOOD

The right to food in international human rights law
The right to food in African regional human rights law
The right to food in the South African Constitution
What does the right to food mean?

FOOD (IN) SECURITY

Availability dimension
Accessibility dimension
Utilisation dimension
Stability dimension
Chronic food insecurity
Transitory food insecurity

CAUSES OF FOOD INSECURITY

Insufficient Production
Lack of food entitlement
Shortage of buying power
Political instability / refugees
Price hikes
Inadequate safety nets
Adverse climatic conditions
Natural and human induced disasters
Population growth
Lack of empowerment of the food-insecure population

SCHOOL FEEDING PROGRAMMES

Historical background of feeding schemes in the world
The historical background of feeding scheme in South Africa

THE STATE OF FEEDING SCHEME IN SOUTH AFRICA

Food procurement
Decentralized procurement
Food preparation

POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTION OF FEEDING PROGRAMMES IN ADDRESSING

Improvement of markets accessibility
Boosting domestic food production
Alleviation of unemployment
Poverty reduction
Development initiatives
Health and nutrition
Reduction of hunger

CHALLENGES EXPERIENCED BY THE SCHOOL FEEDING PROGRAMMES 50

Menu compliance
Lack of sufficient staff

Summary

The above chapter gave an insight into the background of every individual's right to food, initially as articulated by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, world leaders as contracted in international summits, African covenants, as well as the national view captured by the constitution. The chapter also presents the problem statement, research objectives, research question, definition of boundaries and definition of terms. The problem identified by the study was the inadequacy of social assistance in efforts to alleviate food insecurity.

The study therefore focused on exploring the role that feeding systems play as a government program in addressing food insecurity in rural areas. The chapter also revealed the problem statement, research objectives and research questions that were answered as a way to achieve the objectives.

Introduction

Location of the study

Population

Sampling

Data collection

Ethical considerations

Voluntary participation
Privacy
The right to withdraw at any time
No harm to participants
Deception
Confidentiality

Data analysis

Summary

Introduction

Smallholder farmers
Parents
Learners
Voluntary Food Handlers
Staff members

THE CURRENT STATE OF TSHIWANGAMATEMBELE SCHOOL FEEDING

The inauguration of the feeding programme
Stakeholders and their responsibilities

The supervisor at the circuit level
Principal
Educators

Food procurement
Storage
Preparation
Garden
Wood supplier

POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTION OF TSHIWANGAMATEMBELE FEEDING

Employment
Poverty reduction
Hunger alleviation
Nutrition and health skills
Access to markets
Enhance food production

CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH THE SCHOOL FEEDING PROGRAMME. 86

Link with local farmers
Local food preferences
Late payments of food handlers
Amount of food
Inadequate workers
Delivery problems
Implementation failure

Summary

Introduction

The study sought to determine the effects of the school feeding program in ensuring the food security of households in the rural community of the municipality of Mutale. It also highlighted some recommendations that could drive program improvement if followed. The aim of the study was to examine the effects of the school feeding program on addressing food insecurity in rural areas.

To this end, the researcher delved deeper by analyzing the current state of the school feeding scheme in the study area, whether the program has opened the way to achieving food security. However, the overall operation of the feeding scheme at Tshiwangamatembele High School has been limited in providing a platform that removes all barriers for community members to avoid food insecurity. The School of Nutrition opens up the domain of access to food security for students and the community at large.

Linked to educational performance, the program improved students' academic performance, even though the researcher acknowledged other contributing factors. The impact of the program is not only felt by students, but also by their parents and wider communities. The knowledge and experience gained while working in the kitchen has improved the health and safety of the community at large.

The centralized food procurement model, which includes the tendering system, significantly eroded the capacity of the nutrition scheme to address food security as it excluded local farmers from the programme. Strengthening local food production as one of the main food security goals associated with the food scheme was defeated by the food procurement model. The study identified the distribution of school-served food by the provincial office without understanding local food preferences as one of the problems hindering the feeding scheme's objective of reducing hunger.

Lack of collaboration on the program with other sectors such as the Ministry of Agriculture, the health sector and non-governmental programs reduced the impact of the feeding scheme in promoting food security. Apart from that, the lack of connection to local producers is one of the setbacks that reduced the effectiveness of the program.

Conclusion

Currently the meals served in the study area are decided and planned by the Department of Education at the provincial level without regard to local food preferences. Finally, poor distribution and reduction in the amount of food each year also proved to be an unresolved issue around the nutrition program that deprives students. The government in its capacity is failing to provide a satisfactory and holistic approach to solving this problem of insufficient safety nets.

The government had several social safety nets designed to address issues of vulnerability to food insecurity. However, the main objectives of this study were to understand the current state of the food programs as a government safety net and to determine the role the program plays in addressing food insecurity in a rural setting. Deducing from this study, the researcher concludes that the school feeding schedule has slightly changed the sensitivity situation of the Dzimauli community.

The program achieved minimal results as it faced implementation constraints that undermined its ability to empower individuals with skills and the creation of an enabling environment necessary for food security. From the study, the researcher corresponded with views described by Sen (1999) that effectively combating food insecurity requires efforts to eradicate important sources that hinder freedom, such as poor economic opportunities, which reveal the family's susceptibility to food insecurity. Positive results are most likely to be achieved if various stakeholders such as the Ministry of Agriculture and NGOs collaborate with the Ministry of Education in the implementation process.

It is clear from the study that the department of education at the provincial level is increasingly expected to play a leading role in the development of effective school feeding schemes for its citizens, in a way that attracts the participation of other stakeholders. Therefore, it is imperative that the state and its voluntary stakeholders work together to carry out a comprehensive review of school feeding and come up with more integrated and inclusive feeding schemes that meet the food security needs of the community.

Recommendations

Future Research
Community
Policy markers

However, community cooperation is the foundation that underpins the effectiveness of any development initiative. The study supported bringing together different stakeholders in program implementation as a way to deliver enhanced results. Modification of the food basket especially in rural schools is necessary to meet local food preferences.

It is the responsibility of the provincial authority to design meals taking into account the dietary needs of the local community. An evaluation of the school feeding program: a case study of Magog Primary School, University of South Africa, Pretoria, available at http://hdl.handle.net. A report from the High Level Expert Panel on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security.

2015). School feeding program in Ghana: Factors affecting student enrollment in Garu-Tempane District, Upper East Region. Voluntary guidelines to support the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the framework of national food security. Adopted by the 127th Session of the FAO Council, available in the Right to Food Guidelines.

A report from the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security. The right to food in South Africa: an analysis of the content, policy efforts, resource allocation and enjoyment of the constitutional right to food. Available at http://Www.Africa-Union.Org/2007/Fevrier/Rea/. Assessment of the food habits and school feeding program of students in a rural community in Odogbolu Local Government Area, Ogun State.

An evaluation of the school feeding program in the Grahamstown Education District, Eastern Cape, South Africa. South Africa's Pending Ratification of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: What Are the Implications?'.

Informed Consent

A letter requesting permission from the department of education

A letter of approval from the Department of Education

A letter of approval from Tshilamba Circuit

A letter of approval from the School Principal

An illustration of human freedom

An interview schedule for the supervisor at circuit level