Previous research (Webb suggests that the amount of fat and the concentration of fatty acids in fatty acids is directly dependent on the live weight and maturity of ruminants, while the profile (molar %) of fatty acids deposited is mainly determined by the diet. the composition of fatty acids in different places in buffalo and many other game species has not yet been quantified. The quality of fat and the composition of long-chain fatty acids from different fat depots are important aspects in the animal industry, especially due to the perception of 'unhealthy' highly saturated carcass fat.
Fatty acid concentrations increase with increasing live weight and differences between races (Perry et al., 1998; Webb et al., 1994). The glycolipids do not contain phosphorus but are derived from carbohydrates, fatty acids and nitrogenous compounds. Fatty acids absorbed into ruminant adipose tissue come from two primary sources, i.e.
Many of the dietary long-chain saturated fatty acids pass unchanged through the rumen and are subsequently absorbed and incorporated into animal tissues.
De novo fa tty acid synthesis
R umi nal fatty acids
The animal absorbs these unpaired and branched fatty acids, which are not present in the diet, and incorporates them into tissue lipids. Biosynthetic precursors are branched and straight chain volatile fatty acids produced in the rumen (Noble, 1981).
In the tissue
In the liver, intestinal mucosa and adipose tissue, fatty acids are synthesized from acetyl-CoA. High-fat diets inhibit the contribution of de novo synthesized fatty acids to lipid deposition. Fatty acids synthesized de novo are easily desaturated and preferable to fatty acids of exogenous origin.
Some of the unchanged linoleic acid can be converted to arachidonic acid and other longer-chain fatty acids. Any of the long-chain fatty acids can be partially oxidized into C17:1 and C16:1 fatty acids. Interconversion between saturated fatty acids occurs by means of the successive addition or removal of 2-C units.
These polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic acids) are essential fatty acids and must be provided in the diet.
Lip olysis
Fatty acids with one double bond are readily formed by hydrogenation of a saturated fatty acid of the appropriate chain length. Not all fatty acids can be synthesized by fatty acid interconversion due to limitations in the amount and positions of unsaturated double bonds that must be created. With low energy intake, stored fatty acids are mobilized from triacylglycerol depots to the liver and other tissues for oxidation.
These are passed to the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) for oxidation, with a net production of energy. Even chain fatty acids are completely broken down to acetyl-CoA without production of other intermediates of the TCA cycle. Without an adequate supply of intermediates of the TCA cycle and if the influx of acetyl-CoA into the TCA cycle is exceeded, aceto.
FACTORS INFLUENC ING LIPID COMPOSITION
- General
- Anatomical Location
- Gender
- Physiological State
- Dietary Influences
- Bree d
Ruminant adipose tissue consists almost entirely of triacylglycerols and small amounts of unesterified fatty acids and other lipids. In marble deposition, more triacylglycerols are deposited and begin to dominate the polar lipids, generally higher in polyunsaturated fatty acids (Webb et al., 1998; Xie et al., 1996), resulting in lower amounts of C18:2 and C18: 1 and higher proportions of C14:0, C14:1, C16:0 and C16:1 in M. This may be due to the fact that more fatty acids are synthesized de novo subcutaneously than abdominally, while uncommon dietary fatty acids tend to be have accumulated in abdominal (perirenal and omental) fat.
Exogenously supplied polyunsaturated fatty acids are preferentially deposited in the intestinal tissue of sheep (Duncan and Garton, 1967 as cited by Webb, 1992), and long-chain fatty acids absorbed from the intestine primarily affect the composition of the triacylglycerols in internal adipose tissue. Perirenal fat was reported to have, regardless of diet, mass or sex, higher proportions of stearic acid and lower concentrations of oleic acid and total fatty acids than subcutaneous adipose tissue (Kemp et a/., 1981 and Tichenor et al., 1970) as cited by Webb, 1992). 1997) found that more and more saturated fatty acids are converted to unsaturated fatty acids with age.
Fatty acids deposited in adipose tissue during the first year of life are progressively diluted by more unsaturated fatty acids. Fatty acids are extensively mobilized from adipose tissue depots, consisting mainly of C18 components (Christie, 1981b) with the mammary gland receiving only plasma triacylglycerols, mainly C16:0, C18:0 and C18:1, and insignificant amounts of unpasteurized fatty acids. (Moore and Christie, 1981). Depending on the dietary composition, unsaturated fats are usually biohydrogenated by rumen microorganisms to more saturated fatty acids (NQrnberg et al., 1998).
Dietary long-chain saturated fatty acids pass unchanged through the rumen and are absorbed and incorporated into animal tissues. Fatty acids synthesized de novo by rumen microorganisms are absorbed by the animal after digestion of the microorganisms (Christie, 1981a). The fatty acid composition is dominated by high proportions of unsaturated fatty acids, especially C 18:2 (linoleic acid) and C 18:3 (linolenic acid).
Differences in C18:2 and C18:3 can be expected as a result of diet as both are essential fatty acids and cannot be synthesized by the animal (Malau . Aduli et al., 1997). The fat of African ruminants contains higher proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids than reported in domesticated and wild animals from more temperate regions.
THE AFRICAN BUFFALO (SYNCERUS CA FFER)
- Diet of the African Buffalo
- Age and Gender Distribution
- Reproduction
- The African buffalo as meat animal
- Vege tation of the Kruger National Park
- Mtanda nyati at Lower Sabie
- Mashatudrif at Houtboschrand
The feed intake of buffaloes in terms of digestible protein and metabolizable energy depends on the concentration of crude protein in the feed. There are seasonal differences in the ability of buffalo to meet their protein and energy needs (Prins, 1996). This may result in the use of body reserves of lactating animals during periods of declining food quality to continue production (Prins, 1996).
During the rainy season, the quality of food consumed is high, but during the post-rainy season, the quality deteriorates and falls below maintenance requirements for some animals. The presence of acceptable forage, the cover available from predators, proximity to water, and herd mobility are involved in habitat selection. During the winter, the herds spread out further, as well as in the riverine habitat types, due to vegetation dieback, which reduces cover for predators.
The mating season, starting in mid-December (rainy season), lasts about four months (KrOger, 1996) with conception occurring particularly late in the season (March to May) resulting in the peak spawning season in summer . The calving interval in Kruger National Park is approximately 15 months (Sinclair, 1977 as cited by Prins 1996). The lack of comparative data makes it difficult to ascertain differences between buffalo and cattle in terms of carcass bone, muscle and fat distribution (Moran, 1992).
Today, commercial exploitation of the buffalo is no longer found and with each trophy that is bagged, a carcass of around 400 kg is available for consumption. Buffalo diseases impose serious restrictions on the use and disposal of meat and meat by-products from buffalo, unless it is treated according to the requirements of the Directorate of Animal Health. The abattoir in the KNP is designed to accommodate these requirements and meat (canned and biltong - not uncooked) and other products are processed accordingly and can be sold outside the "Red Line" (Whyte, 1996).
Buffalo, however, produces a fine body of meat, the quality of which depends directly on the animal's state of health, condition and age. The area is in the south-east corner of the park near the Crocodile Bridge and is mainly Knob thorn / Marula savanna veld on basalt. Digitaria eriantha (finger grass) grows in sandy areas on most soils, especially on moist soil along rivers and vlei in tall grasslands.
Acacia nigrescens (Gnarled Thorn) Acacia torti/is (Umbrella Thorn) Combretum imberbe (Leadwood) Lonchocarpus capassa (Rainworm) Sclerocarya birrea (Mal'ula).
CH APTER 3
MATERIALS AN D METH ODS 3.1 SAMP LING PROCE DURE
- Disease Security Regulations
- Sample preparation
- FATTY ACID DETERMINATION .1 Modification of lipid extraction
- Prepara tion of fatty acid methyl esters
- CHAPTER 3
- Settings of the GC column
- Standard
- DATA ANALYSIS
- RECOMMENDATION
- TERMS OF REFERENCE
The advantage of the use of scolin as a medicine is that it avoids wounds, which is a great safety factor, since a wounded buffalo poses a great danger to the ground staff. The scoline arrow placed anywhere in the muscle of the buffalo's body will allow absorption of the scoline, paralysis and death of the animal. As some of the carcasses were found to have little perirenal fat and more fat around the heart, some pericardial fat samples were also collected (Table 3-1).
The abattoir at KNP was designed to meet these requirements so that meat (canned and biltong - not uncooked) and other products can be processed and sold outside. The KNP is behind the foot and mouth red line, so precautions had to be taken to prevent the spread of the foot and mouth virus to other parts of the country. Available facilities limited sample analyzes to lipid extraction from samples.
Certain safety regulations also had to be observed when entering and leaving the laboratories of the highly secured area. Everything, including the samples, was sterilized on leaving the lab to ensure there was no risk of spreading the foot and mouth disease virus through the materials leaving the lab. The residues from the muscle and fat samples were destroyed shortly after fat extraction was completed without leaving the DIED.
One gram of the fat sample along with 1 ml of chloroform (chloroform + 0.1% BHT) was weighed into a heat resistant container (e.g. a centrifuge tube or test tube) and heated to 60°C. For the muscle samples, 4-5 g of the sample was used for long chain fatty acid extraction as described for fat samples. To this mixture was added 0.5 ml of the sample extract (1 ml for muscle samples), mixed thoroughly and placed in a 60°C water bath for 30 minutes.
A portion of the clear supernatant was then pipetted into a clean plastic container and stored in the freezer until needed. Identification of the sample fatty acids was then performed by comparing the relative retention times of the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) peaks from the samples to those in the standard.
