Many of those who have been involved in or are interested in the history of education on the African continent will be aware of the position of the University of Fort Hare. As at most HBUs, Fort Hare's undergraduate historical studies curricula conformed to the enduring charge of serving and legitimizing white power.
RATIONALISING THE WRITING AND STUDY OF HISTORY – CONTEMPORARY SOUTH AFRICA, AND THE EARLY FORT
These were and still are most of the questions that have gripped both historiography and the teaching of South African history in the country's academic institutions. It is striking that he translated part of that research into teaching material, which resulted in a new syllabus on the study of (eastern) border history and the formation of modern South Africa.
GOVERNMENT CLOUT, CONCEDED HUMANITIES AND EMERGENT HISTORICAL STUDIES, 1960 -1990
The increase in the number of students and requests for lectures coincided with the opening of the homeland policy of the KP government. Together they also pushed Aucamp's lead in the history department before he picked up the pace.
TRIALS AND OPTIMISMS OF CHANGE: A CHALLENGED HISTORY DEPARTMENT AMIDST DEMOCRATISING AND
It is a moment to appreciate those who are in the position of teaching the history of the country….53. 53 Bengu Files held at the Howard Pim Library at the University of Fort Hare; See Unpublished handwritten notes on the reception of the ANC Liberation Archives, 23 September 1991, p.
AN UNFULFILLED POTENTIAL – A SHORT CONCLUDING REMARK
Hopefully such an outcome for the continued protection of Fort Hare's identity will be avoided. 1Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Pretoria and Center for Gender and African Studies, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein;.
IN THE SHADOW OF APARTHEID
Senior Research Fellow, Nordic Africa Institute, Uppsala, and Senior Research Fellow, Institute of Commonwealth Studies/.
THE WINDHOEK OLD LOCATION
INTRODUCTION
This article recapitulates aspects of the social dynamics unfolding in the shadow of apartheid before the forced removal until 1960. 2 This article maintains the terminology used in the context of the time, although many of the terms were/are derogatory and offensive.
MISSING HISTORY
Anglican Bishop Colin O'Brien Winter has perhaps best captured the ambivalence of the ancient site, where the poor material conditions contrasted with the social spirit and interaction of everyday life. A German informant who lived on the city side of the Gammams River, in the immediate vicinity of the old site, which is bordered with 'white'.
SELECTIVE HISTORY
From a different perspective (born a few years later than the first generation of struggle activists in the southern part of the country with a cultural background in the Herero/Damara community, and never in the higher ranks of the anti-colonial movement, but rather on the margins ) he recalls his childhood and teenage memories of the Ancient Site in a much more intimate way. They are barely aware that some of their homes were built close to or on the grounds of the Ancient Site.
SPACE AND PEOPLE
On-site residence permits were granted to (non-contract) workers employed in Windhoek or recognized as self-employed (traders, shopkeepers) and their dependent family members (women, children). It was located opposite the "Höhere Privatschule" (HPS - the German Higher Private School) in the "white" part of the city (Church Street).
THE NATIVE ADVISORY BOARD
In the absence of other documents or observations, the recorded minutes of meetings of the Native Advisory Committee offer some selective insights into the issues of concern to the residents of the main site. The Advisory Committee has no say in the financial administration of the Location and is not informed in detail about income and expenses.
ORDER AND SECURITY
76 Information from Ms. Anne Bailey as cited in Jafta et al, Investigation of shooting at old location 10 December 1959. 77 Information from Ms. Anne Bailey as cited in Jafta et al, Investigation of shooting at old location Location 10/12/1959, pp.
SOCIAL LIFE
Football was the most popular sport in the location, with 13 clubs organized in the Senior League in 1950 representing the ethnic sections (only the Nama had joined one of the Damara clubs). All subsequent quotes from articles in the South West News are based on their rendering in this volume.
THE END OF AN ERA
In this sense, the Ancient Site, in combination with the indentured labor system and pass laws, was an important element in the formation of the anti-colonial resistance movements in the struggle for independence. The authorities' attempts to move the inhabitants from the old location to a new township and the resistance they encountered represent an important point in Namibia's political history.
REMINISCENCES OF A PAST
Similar to Sophiatown, Alexandra or District Six in South Africa's urban centres, the Old Location emerged as a reminder of how people tried to organize and survive in the shadow of apartheid. When we recall the atmosphere in the Old Town, many seem to turn to selective memories of daily life that border on romanticisation.
URBAN DEVELOPMENT
STAKEHOLDERS RELATIONSHIPS IN PUBLIC-PRIVATE
PARTNERSHIPS: A CASE STUDY OF RUWA TOWN, 1986-2015
INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW
1 TT Muzorewa, The Role of Private Land Developers in Urban Development in Zimbabwe: The Case of Ruwa City Dphil, Midlands State University, 2017), p. 3 Muzorewa, The Role of Private Land Developers in Urban Development in Zimbabwe: The Case of Ruwa City p.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
STAKEHOLDERS IN RUWA’S DEVELOPMENT
The local authority or council was the legal guardian of the provision of services and policies in the area. The responsibilities of the three stakeholders in the area created the basis for their relationship.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE DEVELOPERS AND THE LOCAL AUTHORITY
Another source of conflict was the competition between PLOSs and the Local Authority in acquiring land for development in Ruwa. Tawona Gardens realized that antagonizing the Local Authority was counterproductive as the Council was responsible for approving private.
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG PRIVATE LAND DEVELOPERS
The solution was to connect the road in Zimre Park with Chiputulu Road at the old bridge in Zimre Park.64 The two builders had a hard time negotiating to reach an agreement. 59 Ruwa City Repository, Correspondence between Legal Practitioners Hantor and Imerman on behalf of Chiputuku Properties and RLB.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DEVELOPERS AND RUWA RESIDENTS
The investor told the clients/clients that the plots would be fully serviced within two years.68 However, five years after the start of the project, the development of the external infrastructure was not even half completed.69 At the same time, the local government did not allow PLDC'. Because of the coalition between PLDC and local governments in the application of the law, some elderly residents who farmed land belonging to PLDC began to resent the duo.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN RUWA RESIDENTS AND THE LOCAL AUTHORITY
The non-fulfillment of vital water supply services resulted in aggravation of relations between residents and the Local Authority. Since the establishment of RLB in 1990, the Local Authority had failed to provide residents with sufficient water.
CONCLUSION
The relationship between the Local Authority and the residents reflected the position of the PLDCs in the development of Ruva. Therefore, the PLDCs and the Local Authority had all the power in the development process of the cities.
CONSERVATION PROPAGANDA IN SOUTH AFRICA? THE CASE OF
PARKS BOARD
POLITICAL MESSAGING, THE DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION AND CONSERVATION
One area where Western views of South Africa were positive was in the area of conservation. The mission of the Department of Information was to exploit contacts who were sympathetic to South Africa by presenting a more modern, "enlightened".
VAN DER POST
KRUGER PARK AND WILDLIFE DOCUMENTARY
The head of the National Parks Board and the chief ranger of Kruger had to consider different priorities when faced with requests. They had to answer to various boards, but also take into account the feelings and reactions of subordinates and the other priorities of the park.
A CASE STUDY – THE VAN DER POST FILM
You will find confirmation of this fact in my book "The Heart of the Hunter". After this, most of the correspondence in the archive is between Van der Post and Tol Pienaar, the manager of the Kruger Park, with Knobel copied.
VAN DER POST’S KRUGER AND REALITY
Not surprisingly, Pienaar never replied to the letter and did not offer local folktales or legends to Van der Post. From London, Van der Post thanked Pienaar and offered lavish praise for "your wonderful body of men working for you".
THE PRODUCER’S PERSPECTIVE AND THE FILMS THAT EMERGED
Park or Kalahari Gemsbok Parks directly, and the first credit at the end of the film was to the Natal Parks Authority. The BBC originally presented the film as part of the "World of Us" series, but in 1983 a new 24-minute version was cut for the finale.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The national parks' scientists hoped for recognition of their internationally respected role as responsible stewards of a complex ecosystem. The Natal Parks Board people involved would have pushed for recognition of how saving the white rhino made them the central conservation heroes of the country.
THE ROLE PLAYED BY AFRICANS IN THE BRITISH WAR EFFORT IN
AFRICANS AS COMBATANTS
During these attempts by the Germans to annex Abercorn, the British forces were on the defensive side of the war. Despite the enemy's firepower, African prisoners and fighters pushed the Germans back from BOMA to the eastern border of the district.
Major Scenes of Fighting During the Battle of Abercorn BOMA
The foggy weather made it difficult for the Allied troops to notice the presence of the enemy in the vicinity. On the evening of 29 June 1915, a group of Allied troops from Abercorn arrived behind the enemy position.
The Battle of Saisi
The Allied forces lost one European and three Africans.50 The Germans had 15 Europeans killed and another 11 wounded. Unfortunately, they only found destroyed property and the ashes of burned villages, as the Germans had already abandoned them.58 Map III shows the Battle of Kasakalaw.
The Battle of Kasakalawe
- AFRICANS AS PRODUCERS AND PROCESSERS OF FOOD FOR ALLIED TROOPS
- AFRICANS AS PORTERS
- AFRICANS AS SPIES
- POSTAL RUNNERS
- DESERTION FROM WAR DUTIES
African spies formed an essential component of the army in Abercorn during the First World War. For this reason, the British in Abercorn either imprisoned or exiled local people they suspected of spying on Allied troop movements on behalf of the Germans.114.
PEOPLE’S WAR: MILITARY SUPPLIES DURING THE
RENAMO: FROM EXTERNAL DEPENDENCY TO SELF- RELIANCE
As one former RENAMO guerilla observed: “In the military bases we ate bushmeat and food that we demanded from the local people. In the middle of the war, I became the manager of the food that was looted out there.
GOVERNMENT TROOPS RESOURCES DURING THE CIVIL WAR
To the dismay of the ruling party, the allocation of more resources did not translate into success on the battlefield. Despite the accusation of irregularities, the army's condition on the front line did not improve.
CONCLUSION
The experience from southern Mozambique complements recent studies, notably by Emerson, which also show that, contrary to pro-government propaganda, the Mozambican state also lacked sufficient resources to wage the war.143 Like RENAMO, the government forces depended on villagers' contributions for its logistics . The only difference between government troops and RENAMO guerrillas is that the former had the backup of state media, which controlled the narrative of the war experiences, internally and externally.
WINDS OF SMALL CHANGE
CHIEFS, CHIEFLY POWERS, EVOLVING POLITICS AND THE
RHETORIC AND THE RENEWED INTEREST IN CHIEFS
From the second half of the 1980s, ZANU-PF began to rethink its hostile position towards the chieftainship. Nkomo placed Chief Chiduku at the center of the process, describing him as a “father figure in the chiefdom.
HALF-HEARTED RESTORATION OF CHIEFS’ JUDICIAL POWERS
Despite such legislative interventions, there has been a negligible change in the general status of chiefs regarding their roles and powers. 42 A Ladley, “Spirits Only?: In Search of Tradition in the Common Law Courts of Zimbabwe”, paper presented at the International Symposium on Vernacular Law and Legal Pluralism, Ottawa, August 1990, p.
THE “TECHNOCRATIC” STATE AND CONTINUED EXCLUSION OF CHIEFS FROM LAND ADMINISTRATION
78 Makoni DA Uncatalogued File, Minutes of District DCC Meeting on Drought Situation, 14 November 1991. Provincial Development Committee (PDC) minutes of 1992 reported: “Some chiefs questioned their status in the community compared to the VIDCO of chairmen and councilors .
OPPOSITION POLITICS AND THE RETURN OF CHIEFS
The rise and immediate popularity of the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) in 1999 to challenge ZANU-PF's hegemony radically transformed Zimbabwe's political landscape. In this respect, ZANU-PF had to turn to chiefs for a base of political mobilization in rural areas.
THE QUEST FOR SOCIAL CONTROL AND STABILITY
Preserving useful traditional customs, controlling the use of land and natural resources and generally maintaining public order in society. Apparently, both the leaders and ZANU-PF politicians were aware of the interplay between social and political forces in rural areas.
CONCLUSION
BOOK REVIEW
Nevertheless, the book is similar in some respects to Luisa White's Unpopular Sovereignty, which examines African franchise disputes in the federal and territorial franchise commissions and debates over the five constitutions in colonial Zimbabwe.1 The breadth and depth of Dlamini's historical study and her use of extensive sources is impressive. . 3 JA Wiseman, "Botswana: The Achievement of Seretse Khama", Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs p.
PROFILE: DR ADEWUMI DAMILOLA ADEBAYO
1 Professor of History, Department of History, University of the Free State, and Co-Director, Future Professors Programme, Department of Higher Education and Training.