A key strength of the text is that it challenges the utilitarian view of higher education curricula that has permeated South African universities over the past two decades. It places the discussion about curricula in higher education against the historical background of the country in which it takes place.
Introduction
The main argument is that if South Africa's higher education system continues to expand without a concomitant investment in the effectiveness of teaching and learning, it will not achieve the policy goals of equal access and outcomes. If South Africa's higher education system continues to expand without a concomitant investment in the effectiveness of teaching and learning, it will not achieve the policy goals of equal access and outcomes.
Conceptualising a more equitable higher education
Building on the work of Nancy Fraser, equity in higher education is conceptualized as "equality of participation" and includes equality of access and outcomes. A fairer higher education system is therefore one that ensures that a student's background does not predetermine his chances of gaining access to a qualification and its successful completion.
Expansion without equity’: A comparative perspective
There is another type of distributive injustice – the failure to gain epistemic access or access to powerful knowledge. A graph of social inequality by degree attainment shows that, by 2013, 70% of American households in the top income quartile had completed a degree by age 24, nearly double the graduation rate from 1970.
Future scenarios and strategic choices
Since the system is by definition already 'elite' (with a participation rate of 20%), the priority for existing state funding in the second quarter is to expand not through registrations, but through graduation. State investment in the last 20 years has produced an expanded system with greater equality of access, but is far from achieving equality of outcomes.
Educational investment in systemic improvement
While an extreme version of the 'elite future' scenario is, I would argue, politically and socially unacceptable, there may be possibilities at different points on the continua. The data suggests that approximately one-third of enrolled students (those who graduate with N+1) may not require foundation provision and may be exempted. The racial composition of this group will vary depending on the institution, but in most institutions this group will be racially diverse and in some it will be predominantly black).
Conclusion
The second proposal for a 'more fit for purpose' curriculum is therefore to identify those key 'high risk' courses or combinations of courses across the degree that delay or impede graduation for a significant proportion of the students. The third suggestion for a more 'fit for purpose' curriculum is one that offers opportunities for 'breadth'.
Acknowledgements
The different levels of income diversification in the three provinces indicate that targeted policy initiatives aimed at increasing household income are important in these provinces. Indices not previously used in South Africa were used in the StatsSA data analysis to understand income diversification.
Introduction and problem statement
We estimate household income diversification in settlement types of the poorest provinces in South Africa – the Eastern Cape, Limpopo and KwaZulu-Natal. These indices have, as far as we know, yet to be used in South Africa to understand income diversification.
Review of income diversification studies
The Income and Expenditure Survey (IES) produced by Statistics South Africa (StatsSA)27 was used to estimate income dispersion in Limpopo, Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces. As the unit of analysis was a 'household', the data were transformed to represent household data.
Poverty profile of the study provinces
The results show that 53% of households in urban formal settlements in Limpopo depended on business and labor income (including wages and salaries). In the Eastern Cape, 83% of households in urban formal settlements depended on income from financial capital returns.
Results and discussions
In the Eastern Cape, the main sources of income reported by individuals in urban formal settlements were: social transfers (89%), financial capital returns (71%) and other income (26%). The main sources of income reported in the traditional settlements were: labor income (63%), remittances (58%) and other income (41%).
Conclusion and policy recommendations
The SDI reached 1 in Limpopo and KwaZulu-Natal provinces, indicating that household income was evenly distributed among the six sources of income. In the Eastern Cape, the SDI was 0.676, indicating less uniformity than in Limpopo and KwaZulu-Natal. The SEI also illustrates income equality; therefore, 69% of household income in Limpopo and KwaZulu-Natal was equally distributed among the income sources surveyed, while only 40% of income was equally distributed among the sources of income in the Eastern Cape.
Authors’ contributions
We confirmed these findings by revealing that households in the formal cities follow those in the traditional area settlements in terms of diversification. This article is based on the research project funded by the National Development Agency in 2014 entitled 'The state of poverty and its manifestation in the nine provinces of South Africa'. The amounts required often exceed what is available for resource-poor languages.1 The limited resources available for these languages can be supplemented by resources from other languages, especially from those for which extensive resources are available.
Background
Specifically, we focused on the use of currently available techniques, some possible combinations and the exact utilization of the techniques during the acoustic model development process. The focus was specifically on the use of currently available techniques, some possible combinations and the exact utilization of the techniques during the acoustic model development process. In connection with statistical modelling, 'proximity' is defined in terms of the acoustic distances between the languages.
Data
Similar to the MLLR data sharing scenario, MAP can be used to match acoustic patterns to a target language. NCHLT HLDA-SAT: Baseline acoustic models were developed using the 10-hourly NCHLT, followed by refinements of the HLDA and SAT models. NCHLT+CGN HLDA-SAT: Baseline acoustic models were developed using the 10-h NCHLT and 10-h CGN datasets, and then applying refinements of the HLDA and SAT models using all training data.
Results
The ability of the different system configurations to accurately model the training data was measured in terms of the accuracy with which the test data could be decoded.
Discussion
State 3 State 4
I: SLTU 2010: Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Spoken Languages Technologies for under-ressourced languages; 2010 maj 03–0; Penang, Malaysia. I: SLTU 2014: Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Spoken Language Technologies for under-ressourced Languages; 2014 14.-16. maj; Sankt Petersborg, Rusland. I: SLTU 2012: Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Spoken Language Technologies for under-ressourced Languages; 2012 maj 07–09; Cape Town, Sydafrika.
Materials and methods
Another isolate from the southern pine beetle13,28 associated with this group, but the grouping was not well supported. Two additional isolates were related to the latter isolates but were clearly separated from the original clade and formed a separate clade. Of the remaining isolates, BCC1197 grouped most closely with the type strain sequence ( Streptomyces alni ) but was well separated and there was no clear bootstrap support for their association.
Multi-locus sequence analysis
This is the first time that members of the actinomycetes have been reported from this or any other tree bark beetle in South Africa. Comparison of the eight strains included in this group revealed that they clustered within one of the three classes of Streptomyces spp. The objective of the current study was to explore opportunities to improve wheat yields in intensive irrigation systems of South Africa through analyzes of yield gaps, soil fertility limitations and CA practices.
Materials and method
In the warmer northern region, only 13.89% of the sampled farms practiced conservation tillage with buttercup and wheat rotation. Most of the irrigated wheat farmers who participated in the study practiced conventional tillage and 43.85% of the sampled farms had less than 1% SOC. Therefore, soil acidity could be a major concern for the fertility of irrigated wheat fields in South Africa.
Conclusions
Mindfulness attributes were predictive of higher levels of mental toughness among competitive tennis players. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to explore the relationship between MT and components of self-awareness (i.e. self-reflection and self-esteem) in competitive tennis players. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between MT and dimensions of self-awareness among competitive tennis players.
Practical suggestions
Limitations and future research directions
There is no evidence of sclerosis or new bone formation around the edges of the cavities (c). A canal-like structure is present on the antero-superior margin of the L5 vertebral body (Figure 6a,b). The gold ore of the Witwatersrand basin (Figure 1, inset) is no exception and contains increased concentrations of lead (Pb), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), zinc (Zn) and uranium (U), among others.
Study area
The primary watershed in the area (A in Figure 1) forms part of the continental divide separating the Vaal and Limpopo drainage basins. The only source of pollution to the downstream part of the wetland system is via overflow from the upstream sections and runoff of contaminated surface water (Figure 3c). The pH value of the peat was measured by inserting a pH electrode directly into the collected samples.
Results and discussion
It is clear that the upstream section of the wetland where site L is located is significantly more affected by AMD than sites C and PK further downstream. Flow in the wetland head near area L is likely to be primarily downward, except during severe storms. The absence of a signature of contamination in the deepest part of the peat in Zones C and KP suggests that the groundwater entering the wetlands is uncontaminated.
Mechanisms of sequestration
The Central Rand is dominated by the numerous mine TSFs that form large footprint plumes within the Kli River catchment.25 Groundwater that enters the wetland therefore probably carries high metal loads, which precipitate in the peat under higher pH conditions. Although water discharged from mines on the Central Rand is highly acidic and carries high metal loads, this water is diluted and neutralized as it flows to the wetland. The presence of dolomite facilitates the infiltration of water and further increases the pH of the water due to the presence of carbonate, although the redox potential may still remain low.
Implications and conclusions
Stormwater harvesting improves water security
An important design aspect of this SWH system was the use of the town of Atlantis as a significant component of the catchment area. Fisher-Jeffes1 undertook one of the few detailed studies of the viability of SWH in South Africa, focusing on the residential areas of the Liesbeek River catchment in Cape Town. Of great importance to water resource planners is the uncertainty about the effects of climate change on water resources.
Stormwater harvesting prevents flooding
This highlights the need for further research that takes into account the local context, as most of the existing research on the implications of SWH has been conducted in developed countries. Singapore – which has one of the most extensive SWH systems which has proven to be a useful high quality water resource.11. In Cape Town, for example, the Mediterranean climate results in most of the harvestable rainwater being available during the wet winter months when.
Stormwater harvesting provides additional benefits
Future research
